Occasional Yeast In Urine
2021年11月10日Register here: http://gg.gg/wrfeb
A man can get a genital yeast infection by having unprotected sex with a woman who has candidal vaginitis—a vaginal yeast infection.
*Occasional Budding Yeast Cells In Urine
*Significance Of Yeast In Urine
*Reasons For Yeast In Urine
*Yeast In Urine Uptodate
Keep in mind that a yeast infection isn’t a sexually transmitted disease (STD) and isn’t associated with developing an STD—although both share similar symptoms, including itching, discharge, and pain.
The significance of candiduria ranges from simple procurement-related contamination to disseminated candidiasis. Ensuring that a valid urine specimen is collected and carefully assessing patients for risk factors predisposing to disseminated candidiasis permit the stratification of cases into three.What Causes Male Yeast Infections?1. Sexual transmission
A yeast infection can be transmitted between two people who have unprotected sex, which is why some people confuse it with an STD. It may be uncommon, but a woman who has unprotected sex with her male partner can infect him as well. If one or both partners are infected, it is important to follow specific guidelines provided by your doctor until the infection has healed.During the treatment process, use a condom while engaging in sexual activity and wash your hands in between touching your own crotch and your partner’s. Remember, engaging in sexual activity isn’t prohibited if you have a yeast infection, although the experience may be uncomfortable. It’s ultimately up to you and your partner.
Plastic strip dipped in urine sample – Test for various chemical components of urine – Results in seconds to minutes Often performed in emergency departments or ambulatory clinics that do not have a micro lab available Associated with false negatives – Use caution if a negative dipstick test results in a patient with symptoms of a UTI. Sometimes painful urination can be related to a vaginal infection, such as a yeast infection. With vaginal infections, you may also expect changes in vaginal discharge and odor. The urinalysis measures the presence and amount of a number of chemicals in the urine, which reflect much about the health of the kidneys, along with cells that may be present in the urine. We try to identify crystals, bacteria, yeast, red cells, white cells (indicating infection), something called a cast (which is a clump of sloughed cells from inside the tiny renal filtration tubules), sperm. Based on your answers, you will learn about the causes of the blood in your urine and what actions you should take. This guide is informational and not intended to replace the evaluation and advice of a health care professional. Sometimes blood from the vagina or rectum can be in the urine.2. Antibiotics
Antibiotics could destroy “good” bacteria, causing yeast to multiply. As a result, long-term antibiotic use can cause penile yeast infections, especially in men with diabetes or immune system-compromising illnesses, such as HIV.3. Diabetes
Men diagnosed with diabetes run a higher risk of getting a yeast infection, because of the higher amounts of sugar in their urine. It’s recommended that if you have frequent yeast infections or diabetic symptoms (i.e. urinating, frequent thirst, etc.) to speak to your doctor.4. Nonoxynol-9
Condoms that contain nonoxynol-9 in the lubricant could contribute to anal yeast infections. Opt for condoms that do not contain spermicidal lubricants.
Other contributors of male yeast infections could include using irritating soaps and deodorants, wearing tight-fitting undergarments, and living in hot, humid environments.How Serious Are Yeast Infections?
Yeast infections are usually mild and easy to treat. One third of all vaginitis cases in women are caused by Candida—a type of yeast that thrives in dark, warm, moist places. (i.e. the vagina or the gastrointestinal tract.)
Another common infection caused by Candida is oral thrush, which is an infection of the mouth. It has similar symptoms to a sore throat, including pain when swallowing and an altered taste of food.
There are serious and even life-threatening cases of yeast infections—but they are usually limited to immune-compromised patients (i.e. people with HIV) or patients who have undergone procedures with contaminated equipment.Male Yeast Infection Symptoms
The following symptoms may not occur until a few days after contracting a yeast infection:
*Severe itching and/or burning on the tip of the penis or foreskin
*Soreness of the end of the penis
*Irritation
*Thick and lumpy discharge under the foreskin
*Unpleasant smell
*Painful urination
*Red rash on affected areas—approximately 15% of men develop an uncomfortable rash on the penis if they have unprotected sex with a woman who has a yeast infection. This rate is highest among men who are not circumcised.Testing for Yeast Infection in Men
Physicians will be able to easily detect the red irritation found around the glans (end of the penis)—this is typically where the first sign of a yeast infection occurs. You will need to be prepared to answer some personal questions about your sex life, such as how sexually active you are and whether or not you use condoms.
Testing may include:
*Taking a couple of swabs from the glans
*A urine test (in case the patient suffers from diabetes)
*Blood tests (to show the level of glucose in the body)Do-It Yourself Treatments
Men can treat their yeast infections with antifungal treatments (i.e. miconazole) that can be picked up at the local pharmacy. Apply the medication topically to the affected penile skin, twice a day for one week (or as directed). Speak to your pharmacist or doctor if you have any questions.
Keep in mind that if the rash doesn’t go away, or if it frequently returns, seek further medical advice to make sure it can’t be attributed to another condition.Prescription Treatments for Male Yeast Infections
Your doctor will likely prescribe one of the following if you suffer from a yeast infection:
*Diflucan: This drug is used to treat fungal infections and is almost always effective; keep in mind that allergies to this drug are not uncommon.
*Nizoral: This is another broad spectrum, antifungal antibiotic drug that can treat fungal infections.
Don’t feel embarrassed if you contract a yeast infection. Practice good hygiene (including cleaning the penis foreskin with soap and water) and periodically apply antifungal cream to prevent the infection from recurring.
Regardless of which symptoms surface, contact your doctor immediately so they can properly diagnose you and give you the proper treatment you require.
Sources:
“Yeast Infections in Men,” Michigan State University web site; https://www.msu.edu/user/eisthen/yeast/men.html, last accessed July 23, 2015.
“Men Get Yeast Infections, Too!” One Medical web site, March 30, 2015; http://www.onemedical.com/blog/live-well/male-yeast-infection/.
Vroomen-Durning, M., “Is It Safe to Have Sex With a Yeast Infection?” Everyday Health web site, September 9, 2014; http://www.everydayhealth.com/yeast-infection/sex/.
“Yeast Infection in Men (balanitis),” STD Guide web site; http://www.std-gov.org/stds/yeast_in_man.htm, last accessed July 23, 2015.The Urinalysis
The urinalysis measures the presence and amount of a number of chemicals in the urine, which reflect much about the health of the kidneys, along with cells that may be present in the urine. We try to identify crystals, bacteria, yeast, red cells, white cells (indicating infection), something called a cast (which is a clump of sloughed cells from inside the tiny renal filtration tubules), sperm and even the occasional parasite. This lets us know if we are dealing with infection, diet or metabolism disorders, and what part of the urinary system is in trouble.
Also, veterinarians—or in human medicine—the lab, looks for crystals, bacteria, and other organisms in the urinary sediment. Each of these elements give hints as to function of the kidneys, kidney tubules, ureters (small tubes that connect the kidneys with the urinary bladder), and the urinary bladder.
The first part of a urinalysis is direct visual observation. Normal, fresh urine is pale to dark yellow or amber in color and clear.Turbidity or Cloudiness
Turbidity and cloudiness may be caused by excessive cellular material or protein in the urine or may develop from crystallization or precipitation of salts upon standing at room temperature or in the refrigerator which is usually of no significance. Clearing of the specimen after addition of a small amount of acid indicates that precipitation of salts is the probable cause of turbidity.
Urine is normally transparent in most animals, except for the horse. The horse has a thick viscous urine that is cloudy on examination. In small animals, turbidity suggests the presence of cells, casts, or crystals.
A red or red-brown (abnormal) color could be from a food dye, eating fresh beets, a drug, or the presence of either hemoglobin or myoglobin. If the sample contained many red blood cells, it would be cloudy as well as red.Urine Odor:
Urine has a characteristic smell that varies slightly by species and concentration of the sample. A particularly foul odor may occur in the presence of bacteria. Thus, strong smelling urine is common in cases of cystitis. Ketonuria (ketones are produced when tissues are breaking down like in the process of starvation) produces a very sweet smell as does Glucosuria (sugar in the urine from diabetes). Sweet smelling urine is commonly associated with acetonemia (acetones in the urine), pregnancy toxemia, and diabetes mellitus. Sometimes the food we eat will cause weird odors in the urine (like asparagus).Urinary Dip Stick Test:
Urine tests are typically evaluated with a reagent strip that is briefly dipped into the urine sample. The technician reads the colors of each test and compares them with a reference chart.
*Glucose (Tests for diabetes)
*Bilirubins (Tests for liver disease and biliary obstruction)
*Ketones (Tests for fat breakdown products, insulin deficiency, starvation)
*Specific gravity (To see if the kidney is concentrating the urine)
*Blood (Infection or irritation-or mensus/heat cycles)
*pH (Tells us what kinds of stones may be present if this is abnormal—additional test gives more information)
*Protein (Tests for integrity of the filtering system-kidney filtration and tubules)
*Urobininogen (Increased values mean liver damage, excessive RBC breakdown, internal bleeding, poisoning)
*Nitrites (A test for some bacterial infections)
*Leukocytes (White blood cells indicating infection or cancer)
The urine is then spun down and the sediment checked for cells, yeast, bacteria, crystals, and casts (groups of dead cells that indicate kidney tubule damage). We’ll talk about those below.Here are some tips on collecting the urine sample for the urinalysis:
*If you are doing a free-catch sample for urinalysis, it is nice to have some urine caught in the beginning, middle and end of the urination process. Why? The first fraction coming out flushes cells, yeast and bacteria from the vulva or prepuce areas and the urethra (the tube that connects the bladder to the outside world). The middle fraction is a better picture of what has been stored in the bladder. The tail-end of the sample gives a better idea of how the kidneys look.
*My personal choice as a veterinarian is to stick a long needle directly into the bladder so I don’t have to guess if the bacteria, yeast and dead cells are from the urethra or the bladder. It doesn’t hurt much and helps alleviate contamination of the sample. That way I can treat the core cause instead of a secondary infection of some type. Medical doctors sometimes insert a catheter into the bladder for this reason.
*If you are trying to get a sample from your pet at home, one easy way to do it is to tape a small cup to the bottom of the ruler. As the pet urinates, you can slip the cup underneath them without leaning over and startling them. Label the sample with the date and time it was collected then get the sample to your vet right away for testing.Urine Volume:
Normal urine volume is 750 to 2000 ml/24 hr.
Urinalysis Increased Urine Volume (Polyuria): Rule out acute renal disease, chronic renal disease, diabetes mellitus hepatic failure, hyperadrenoorticism, hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism (cats and humans), nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, pituitary diabetes insipidus, post obstructive diuresis, primary renal glyosuria, psychogenic polydipsia, pyelonephritis, and pyometra.
Urinalysis Decreased Urine Volume (Oliguria): Rule out acute renal failure, dehydration, shock, terminal chronic renal disease, and urinary tract obstruction. Urinalysis pH:
pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration (acidity or alkalinity) of the urine. Fresh samples are necessary for an accurate reading because urine becomes alkaline when it is older because the carbon dioxide escapes and the bacteria in the urine convert urea to ammonia which is very alkaline. The healthy, normal pH of human urine is less than 7.
The glomerular filtrate of blood plasma is usually acidified by renal tubules and collecting ducts from a pH of 7.4 to about 6 in the final urine. However, depending on the acid-base status, urinary pH may range from as low as 4.5 to as high as 8.0. The change to the acid side of 7.4 is accomplished in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.
Urinary pH Too High (Alkaline): Rule out diets high in vegetables and urinary tract infections (the bacteria convert the urine to ammonia). Note: This is the only instance where I tell people to eat lots of protein and junk food for 2-3 days!
Urinary pH Too Low (Acid): Rule out diets high in protein and refined carbohydrates, anorexia, and starvation.Urinalysis interpretation of crystals in the sediment:
For the crystals formed in acid, neutral or alkaline pH, see my handout: https://naturalhealthtechniques.com/kidney-bladder-gallbladder-stones/Urinalysis Specific Gravity (SG):
The Urine Dipstick Test
Specific Gravity measures how dilute your urine is. Specific gravity takes into account the weight of the urine and particle size. Water would have a specific gravity of 1.000 Specific gravity between 1.002 and 1.035 on a random sample should be considered normal if kidney function is normal. Most human urine is around 1.010, but it can vary greatly depending on when you drank fluids last, or if you are dehydrated.
If the specific gravity is not > 1.022 after a 12 hour period without food or water, renal concentrating ability is impaired and the patient either has generalized renal impairment or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In end-stage renal disease, specific gravity tends to become 1.007 to 1.010.
Any urine having a specific gravity over 1.035 is either contaminated, contains very high levels of glucose, or the patient may have recently received high density radiopaque dyes intravenously for radiographic studies or low molecular weight dextran solutions.
Most laboratories measure specific gravity with a refractometer (see above picture).Glucose in the Urinalysis:
Normally there is no glucose in urine.
Detectable Glucose (Glucosuria): Rule out diabetes mellitus, kidney disease (decreased tubular reabsorption), acromegaly, hyperpituitarism, bovine milk fever, bovine neurologic disease, excessive insulin dosage, fear or exertional catecholamine release, Fanconi-like syndrome (which can be caused by taking expired tetracycline), moribund animals, sheep endotoxemia, and drugs such as ACTH, glucocorticoids, fluids, Ketamine, morphine, phenothiazine, and xylazine. A small number of people have glucose in their urine with normal blood glucose levels, however any glucose in the urine would raise the possibility of diabetes or glucose intolerance.
Dipsticks employing the glucose oxidase reaction for screening are specific for glucose but can miss other reducing sugars such as galactose and fructose. For this reason, most newborn and infant urines are routinely screened for reducing sugars by methods other than glucose oxidase (such as the Clinitest, a modified Benedict’s copper reduction test). I don’t remember learning about these tests when I took clinical pathology in veterinary school.Protein (Proteinuria):
When you urinate and see foam in the toilet bowl, this can indicate either sugar or protein and is not normal. A urinalysis and bloodwork are used to determine what the problem is. Talk with your doctor if you see this. Normally there is no protein detectable on a urinalysis strip.
Detectable Protein in the Urinalysis test: Rule out kidney damage, increased glomerular permeability (from fever, cardiac disease, central nervous system disease, shock, muscular exertion), blood in the urine, inflammation, cancers, infection. High concentrations of very small proteins can also show up in the urine such as Bence Jones protein (a sign of cancer), hemoglobin monomers, and myoglobin. Up to 10% of children can have protein in their urine. Sometimes this is due to colostral antibodies.
Certain diseases require the use of a special, more sensitive (and more expensive) test for protein called a microalbumin test. A microalbumin test is very useful in screening for early damage to the kidneys from diabetes.
False Positive causes: Rule out urine too alkaline.Blood in the Urine (Hematuria):
Normally there is no blood in the urine.
Detectable Blood in the Urine: Rule out infection, kidney stones, trauma, and bleeding from bladder or kidney tumors. The technician may indicate whether the blood is hemolyzed (dissolved blood) or non-hemolyzed (intact red blood cells).
False Positive causes: Rarely, muscle injury can cause myoglobin to appear in the urine which also causes the reagent pad to falsely indicate blood.Bilirubin in the Urine (Bilirubinuria):
Normally there is no bilirubin or urobilinogen in the urine in a normal urinalysis. These are pigments that are cleared by the liver.
Detectable Bilirubin: Rule out liver or gallbladder disease, obstruction of bile flow, intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and tubular cell conjugation of free bilirubin.
False positives: Urine color may interfere with the reading of this test.Nitrates in the Urine:
Normally negative, the presence of nitrates usually indicates a urinary tract infection caused from nitrate reducing bacteria including Veillonellae, Haemophilus, Staphylococci, Corynebacteria, Lactobacilli, Flavobacteria and Fusobacteria. Gram negative rods such as E. coli are more likely to give a positive test.Leukocytes in the Urine (Leukocyte esterase):
Normally negative. Leukocytes are the white blood cells (or pus cells). If you see these, you have to rule out infection of some kind.Sediment in the Urinalysis:
Here the doctor, nurse, or lab technician looks under a microscope at a portion of your urine that has been spun in a centrifuge. A sample of well-mixed urine (usually 10-15 ml) is centrifuged in a test tube at relatively low
https://diarynote.indered.space
A man can get a genital yeast infection by having unprotected sex with a woman who has candidal vaginitis—a vaginal yeast infection.
*Occasional Budding Yeast Cells In Urine
*Significance Of Yeast In Urine
*Reasons For Yeast In Urine
*Yeast In Urine Uptodate
Keep in mind that a yeast infection isn’t a sexually transmitted disease (STD) and isn’t associated with developing an STD—although both share similar symptoms, including itching, discharge, and pain.
The significance of candiduria ranges from simple procurement-related contamination to disseminated candidiasis. Ensuring that a valid urine specimen is collected and carefully assessing patients for risk factors predisposing to disseminated candidiasis permit the stratification of cases into three.What Causes Male Yeast Infections?1. Sexual transmission
A yeast infection can be transmitted between two people who have unprotected sex, which is why some people confuse it with an STD. It may be uncommon, but a woman who has unprotected sex with her male partner can infect him as well. If one or both partners are infected, it is important to follow specific guidelines provided by your doctor until the infection has healed.During the treatment process, use a condom while engaging in sexual activity and wash your hands in between touching your own crotch and your partner’s. Remember, engaging in sexual activity isn’t prohibited if you have a yeast infection, although the experience may be uncomfortable. It’s ultimately up to you and your partner.
Plastic strip dipped in urine sample – Test for various chemical components of urine – Results in seconds to minutes Often performed in emergency departments or ambulatory clinics that do not have a micro lab available Associated with false negatives – Use caution if a negative dipstick test results in a patient with symptoms of a UTI. Sometimes painful urination can be related to a vaginal infection, such as a yeast infection. With vaginal infections, you may also expect changes in vaginal discharge and odor. The urinalysis measures the presence and amount of a number of chemicals in the urine, which reflect much about the health of the kidneys, along with cells that may be present in the urine. We try to identify crystals, bacteria, yeast, red cells, white cells (indicating infection), something called a cast (which is a clump of sloughed cells from inside the tiny renal filtration tubules), sperm. Based on your answers, you will learn about the causes of the blood in your urine and what actions you should take. This guide is informational and not intended to replace the evaluation and advice of a health care professional. Sometimes blood from the vagina or rectum can be in the urine.2. Antibiotics
Antibiotics could destroy “good” bacteria, causing yeast to multiply. As a result, long-term antibiotic use can cause penile yeast infections, especially in men with diabetes or immune system-compromising illnesses, such as HIV.3. Diabetes
Men diagnosed with diabetes run a higher risk of getting a yeast infection, because of the higher amounts of sugar in their urine. It’s recommended that if you have frequent yeast infections or diabetic symptoms (i.e. urinating, frequent thirst, etc.) to speak to your doctor.4. Nonoxynol-9
Condoms that contain nonoxynol-9 in the lubricant could contribute to anal yeast infections. Opt for condoms that do not contain spermicidal lubricants.
Other contributors of male yeast infections could include using irritating soaps and deodorants, wearing tight-fitting undergarments, and living in hot, humid environments.How Serious Are Yeast Infections?
Yeast infections are usually mild and easy to treat. One third of all vaginitis cases in women are caused by Candida—a type of yeast that thrives in dark, warm, moist places. (i.e. the vagina or the gastrointestinal tract.)
Another common infection caused by Candida is oral thrush, which is an infection of the mouth. It has similar symptoms to a sore throat, including pain when swallowing and an altered taste of food.
There are serious and even life-threatening cases of yeast infections—but they are usually limited to immune-compromised patients (i.e. people with HIV) or patients who have undergone procedures with contaminated equipment.Male Yeast Infection Symptoms
The following symptoms may not occur until a few days after contracting a yeast infection:
*Severe itching and/or burning on the tip of the penis or foreskin
*Soreness of the end of the penis
*Irritation
*Thick and lumpy discharge under the foreskin
*Unpleasant smell
*Painful urination
*Red rash on affected areas—approximately 15% of men develop an uncomfortable rash on the penis if they have unprotected sex with a woman who has a yeast infection. This rate is highest among men who are not circumcised.Testing for Yeast Infection in Men
Physicians will be able to easily detect the red irritation found around the glans (end of the penis)—this is typically where the first sign of a yeast infection occurs. You will need to be prepared to answer some personal questions about your sex life, such as how sexually active you are and whether or not you use condoms.
Testing may include:
*Taking a couple of swabs from the glans
*A urine test (in case the patient suffers from diabetes)
*Blood tests (to show the level of glucose in the body)Do-It Yourself Treatments
Men can treat their yeast infections with antifungal treatments (i.e. miconazole) that can be picked up at the local pharmacy. Apply the medication topically to the affected penile skin, twice a day for one week (or as directed). Speak to your pharmacist or doctor if you have any questions.
Keep in mind that if the rash doesn’t go away, or if it frequently returns, seek further medical advice to make sure it can’t be attributed to another condition.Prescription Treatments for Male Yeast Infections
Your doctor will likely prescribe one of the following if you suffer from a yeast infection:
*Diflucan: This drug is used to treat fungal infections and is almost always effective; keep in mind that allergies to this drug are not uncommon.
*Nizoral: This is another broad spectrum, antifungal antibiotic drug that can treat fungal infections.
Don’t feel embarrassed if you contract a yeast infection. Practice good hygiene (including cleaning the penis foreskin with soap and water) and periodically apply antifungal cream to prevent the infection from recurring.
Regardless of which symptoms surface, contact your doctor immediately so they can properly diagnose you and give you the proper treatment you require.
Sources:
“Yeast Infections in Men,” Michigan State University web site; https://www.msu.edu/user/eisthen/yeast/men.html, last accessed July 23, 2015.
“Men Get Yeast Infections, Too!” One Medical web site, March 30, 2015; http://www.onemedical.com/blog/live-well/male-yeast-infection/.
Vroomen-Durning, M., “Is It Safe to Have Sex With a Yeast Infection?” Everyday Health web site, September 9, 2014; http://www.everydayhealth.com/yeast-infection/sex/.
“Yeast Infection in Men (balanitis),” STD Guide web site; http://www.std-gov.org/stds/yeast_in_man.htm, last accessed July 23, 2015.The Urinalysis
The urinalysis measures the presence and amount of a number of chemicals in the urine, which reflect much about the health of the kidneys, along with cells that may be present in the urine. We try to identify crystals, bacteria, yeast, red cells, white cells (indicating infection), something called a cast (which is a clump of sloughed cells from inside the tiny renal filtration tubules), sperm and even the occasional parasite. This lets us know if we are dealing with infection, diet or metabolism disorders, and what part of the urinary system is in trouble.
Also, veterinarians—or in human medicine—the lab, looks for crystals, bacteria, and other organisms in the urinary sediment. Each of these elements give hints as to function of the kidneys, kidney tubules, ureters (small tubes that connect the kidneys with the urinary bladder), and the urinary bladder.
The first part of a urinalysis is direct visual observation. Normal, fresh urine is pale to dark yellow or amber in color and clear.Turbidity or Cloudiness
Turbidity and cloudiness may be caused by excessive cellular material or protein in the urine or may develop from crystallization or precipitation of salts upon standing at room temperature or in the refrigerator which is usually of no significance. Clearing of the specimen after addition of a small amount of acid indicates that precipitation of salts is the probable cause of turbidity.
Urine is normally transparent in most animals, except for the horse. The horse has a thick viscous urine that is cloudy on examination. In small animals, turbidity suggests the presence of cells, casts, or crystals.
A red or red-brown (abnormal) color could be from a food dye, eating fresh beets, a drug, or the presence of either hemoglobin or myoglobin. If the sample contained many red blood cells, it would be cloudy as well as red.Urine Odor:
Urine has a characteristic smell that varies slightly by species and concentration of the sample. A particularly foul odor may occur in the presence of bacteria. Thus, strong smelling urine is common in cases of cystitis. Ketonuria (ketones are produced when tissues are breaking down like in the process of starvation) produces a very sweet smell as does Glucosuria (sugar in the urine from diabetes). Sweet smelling urine is commonly associated with acetonemia (acetones in the urine), pregnancy toxemia, and diabetes mellitus. Sometimes the food we eat will cause weird odors in the urine (like asparagus).Urinary Dip Stick Test:
Urine tests are typically evaluated with a reagent strip that is briefly dipped into the urine sample. The technician reads the colors of each test and compares them with a reference chart.
*Glucose (Tests for diabetes)
*Bilirubins (Tests for liver disease and biliary obstruction)
*Ketones (Tests for fat breakdown products, insulin deficiency, starvation)
*Specific gravity (To see if the kidney is concentrating the urine)
*Blood (Infection or irritation-or mensus/heat cycles)
*pH (Tells us what kinds of stones may be present if this is abnormal—additional test gives more information)
*Protein (Tests for integrity of the filtering system-kidney filtration and tubules)
*Urobininogen (Increased values mean liver damage, excessive RBC breakdown, internal bleeding, poisoning)
*Nitrites (A test for some bacterial infections)
*Leukocytes (White blood cells indicating infection or cancer)
The urine is then spun down and the sediment checked for cells, yeast, bacteria, crystals, and casts (groups of dead cells that indicate kidney tubule damage). We’ll talk about those below.Here are some tips on collecting the urine sample for the urinalysis:
*If you are doing a free-catch sample for urinalysis, it is nice to have some urine caught in the beginning, middle and end of the urination process. Why? The first fraction coming out flushes cells, yeast and bacteria from the vulva or prepuce areas and the urethra (the tube that connects the bladder to the outside world). The middle fraction is a better picture of what has been stored in the bladder. The tail-end of the sample gives a better idea of how the kidneys look.
*My personal choice as a veterinarian is to stick a long needle directly into the bladder so I don’t have to guess if the bacteria, yeast and dead cells are from the urethra or the bladder. It doesn’t hurt much and helps alleviate contamination of the sample. That way I can treat the core cause instead of a secondary infection of some type. Medical doctors sometimes insert a catheter into the bladder for this reason.
*If you are trying to get a sample from your pet at home, one easy way to do it is to tape a small cup to the bottom of the ruler. As the pet urinates, you can slip the cup underneath them without leaning over and startling them. Label the sample with the date and time it was collected then get the sample to your vet right away for testing.Urine Volume:
Normal urine volume is 750 to 2000 ml/24 hr.
Urinalysis Increased Urine Volume (Polyuria): Rule out acute renal disease, chronic renal disease, diabetes mellitus hepatic failure, hyperadrenoorticism, hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism (cats and humans), nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, pituitary diabetes insipidus, post obstructive diuresis, primary renal glyosuria, psychogenic polydipsia, pyelonephritis, and pyometra.
Urinalysis Decreased Urine Volume (Oliguria): Rule out acute renal failure, dehydration, shock, terminal chronic renal disease, and urinary tract obstruction. Urinalysis pH:
pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration (acidity or alkalinity) of the urine. Fresh samples are necessary for an accurate reading because urine becomes alkaline when it is older because the carbon dioxide escapes and the bacteria in the urine convert urea to ammonia which is very alkaline. The healthy, normal pH of human urine is less than 7.
The glomerular filtrate of blood plasma is usually acidified by renal tubules and collecting ducts from a pH of 7.4 to about 6 in the final urine. However, depending on the acid-base status, urinary pH may range from as low as 4.5 to as high as 8.0. The change to the acid side of 7.4 is accomplished in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.
Urinary pH Too High (Alkaline): Rule out diets high in vegetables and urinary tract infections (the bacteria convert the urine to ammonia). Note: This is the only instance where I tell people to eat lots of protein and junk food for 2-3 days!
Urinary pH Too Low (Acid): Rule out diets high in protein and refined carbohydrates, anorexia, and starvation.Urinalysis interpretation of crystals in the sediment:
For the crystals formed in acid, neutral or alkaline pH, see my handout: https://naturalhealthtechniques.com/kidney-bladder-gallbladder-stones/Urinalysis Specific Gravity (SG):
The Urine Dipstick Test
Specific Gravity measures how dilute your urine is. Specific gravity takes into account the weight of the urine and particle size. Water would have a specific gravity of 1.000 Specific gravity between 1.002 and 1.035 on a random sample should be considered normal if kidney function is normal. Most human urine is around 1.010, but it can vary greatly depending on when you drank fluids last, or if you are dehydrated.
If the specific gravity is not > 1.022 after a 12 hour period without food or water, renal concentrating ability is impaired and the patient either has generalized renal impairment or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In end-stage renal disease, specific gravity tends to become 1.007 to 1.010.
Any urine having a specific gravity over 1.035 is either contaminated, contains very high levels of glucose, or the patient may have recently received high density radiopaque dyes intravenously for radiographic studies or low molecular weight dextran solutions.
Most laboratories measure specific gravity with a refractometer (see above picture).Glucose in the Urinalysis:
Normally there is no glucose in urine.
Detectable Glucose (Glucosuria): Rule out diabetes mellitus, kidney disease (decreased tubular reabsorption), acromegaly, hyperpituitarism, bovine milk fever, bovine neurologic disease, excessive insulin dosage, fear or exertional catecholamine release, Fanconi-like syndrome (which can be caused by taking expired tetracycline), moribund animals, sheep endotoxemia, and drugs such as ACTH, glucocorticoids, fluids, Ketamine, morphine, phenothiazine, and xylazine. A small number of people have glucose in their urine with normal blood glucose levels, however any glucose in the urine would raise the possibility of diabetes or glucose intolerance.
Dipsticks employing the glucose oxidase reaction for screening are specific for glucose but can miss other reducing sugars such as galactose and fructose. For this reason, most newborn and infant urines are routinely screened for reducing sugars by methods other than glucose oxidase (such as the Clinitest, a modified Benedict’s copper reduction test). I don’t remember learning about these tests when I took clinical pathology in veterinary school.Protein (Proteinuria):
When you urinate and see foam in the toilet bowl, this can indicate either sugar or protein and is not normal. A urinalysis and bloodwork are used to determine what the problem is. Talk with your doctor if you see this. Normally there is no protein detectable on a urinalysis strip.
Detectable Protein in the Urinalysis test: Rule out kidney damage, increased glomerular permeability (from fever, cardiac disease, central nervous system disease, shock, muscular exertion), blood in the urine, inflammation, cancers, infection. High concentrations of very small proteins can also show up in the urine such as Bence Jones protein (a sign of cancer), hemoglobin monomers, and myoglobin. Up to 10% of children can have protein in their urine. Sometimes this is due to colostral antibodies.
Certain diseases require the use of a special, more sensitive (and more expensive) test for protein called a microalbumin test. A microalbumin test is very useful in screening for early damage to the kidneys from diabetes.
False Positive causes: Rule out urine too alkaline.Blood in the Urine (Hematuria):
Normally there is no blood in the urine.
Detectable Blood in the Urine: Rule out infection, kidney stones, trauma, and bleeding from bladder or kidney tumors. The technician may indicate whether the blood is hemolyzed (dissolved blood) or non-hemolyzed (intact red blood cells).
False Positive causes: Rarely, muscle injury can cause myoglobin to appear in the urine which also causes the reagent pad to falsely indicate blood.Bilirubin in the Urine (Bilirubinuria):
Normally there is no bilirubin or urobilinogen in the urine in a normal urinalysis. These are pigments that are cleared by the liver.
Detectable Bilirubin: Rule out liver or gallbladder disease, obstruction of bile flow, intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and tubular cell conjugation of free bilirubin.
False positives: Urine color may interfere with the reading of this test.Nitrates in the Urine:
Normally negative, the presence of nitrates usually indicates a urinary tract infection caused from nitrate reducing bacteria including Veillonellae, Haemophilus, Staphylococci, Corynebacteria, Lactobacilli, Flavobacteria and Fusobacteria. Gram negative rods such as E. coli are more likely to give a positive test.Leukocytes in the Urine (Leukocyte esterase):
Normally negative. Leukocytes are the white blood cells (or pus cells). If you see these, you have to rule out infection of some kind.Sediment in the Urinalysis:
Here the doctor, nurse, or lab technician looks under a microscope at a portion of your urine that has been spun in a centrifuge. A sample of well-mixed urine (usually 10-15 ml) is centrifuged in a test tube at relatively low
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